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16
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8 Di
g
ital Worst-Case Timin
g
Analysis
Cumulative Ambi
g
uit
y
Hazard
In worst-case mode, simple signal propagation through the
network will result in a buildup of ambiguity along the paths
between synchronization points (see Glitch Suppression Due to
Inertial Delay on page 16-12). The cumulative ambiguity is
illustrated in Figure 16-8.
Fi
g
ure 16-8
Cumulative Ambiguity Hazard Example 1
The rising and falling transitions applied to the input of the
buffer have a 1 nsec ambiguity. The delay specifications of the
buffer indicate that an additional 2 nsec of ambiguity is added to
each edge as they propagate through the device. Notice that the
duration of the stable state 1 has diminished due to the
accumulation of ambiguity. Now, consider the effects of
additional cumulative ambiguity shown in Figure 16-9.
Fi
g
ure 16-9
Cumulative Ambiguity Hazard Example 2
The X result is predicted here because the ambiguity of the
rising edge propagating through the device has increased to the
point where it will overlap the later falling edge ambiguity.
Specifically, the rising edge should occur between 3 nsec and 12
nsec; but, the subsequent falling edge applied to the input
predicts the output starts to fall at 10 nsec. This situation is
called a cumulative ambiguity hazard.
12 89
TPxxMN=1
25912
TPxxMX=3
TPxxMN=1
25912
310
12
19
TPxxMX=7
- User’s Guide 1
- Simulation ExamplesChapter 2 4
- Part Two Desi 5
- ModelsChapter 4 6
- Symbols for ModelsChapter 5 7
- Chapter 6 8
- Chapter 7 9
- Contents 10
- AC AnalysesChapter 10 11
- Transient AnalysisChapter 11 11
- Contents xiii 13
- Part Four Viewin 15
- Results 15
- Before You Be 25
- MicroSim PSpice A/D 26
- Overview 26
- How to Use this Guide 27
- Related Documentation 28
- Online Help 29
- If You Don’t Have the 30
- Standard PSpice A/D 30
- If You Have the Evaluation 33
- What’s New 34
- BSIM3 version 3 MOSFET model 35
- Part One 36
- What is PSpice A/D? 38
- Basic Anal 39
- AC sweep and noise 40
- Transient and Fourier 41
- Advanced Multi-Run Anal 42
- Monte Carlo and sensitivit 43
- /worst-case 43
- Schematics to Prepare for 45
- Simulation 45
- What is the Stimulus Editor? 45
- What is the Parts Utilit 46
- What is Probe? 46
- Files Needed for 47
- Other Files That You Can 48
- Model librar 49
- Files That PSpice A/D 51
- Generates 51
- PSpice output file 52
- Simulation Examples 53
- Example Circuit 54
- Creation 54
- Connection Points 56
- Example Circuit Creation 2 57
- Bias Point Anal 58
- the Bias Information 59
- the Simulation Output File 61
- DC Sweep Anal 62
- DC Sweep Dialo 63
- 12 Simulation Examples 64
- To delete all of the traces 67
- Amplitude = 10 69
- Transient Analysis 70
- AC Sweep and 73
- Noise Analysis Dialo 73
- Parametric Dialog Box 78
- all 21 traces in Probe 79
- Probe Performance 82
- To plot 83
- Part Two 85
- Preparin 86
- a Schematic for 86
- Checklist for Simulation 87
- Using Schematic Markers to 88
- Add Traces on page 17-13 88
- Limiting Probe Data File 88
- Size on page 17-15 88
- For more information on 89
- Parts That You 92
- Can Simulate 92
- Vendor-Supplied Parts 93
- To find parts usin 95
- the online Librar 95
- Passive Parts 96
- Breakout Parts 97
- Behavioral Parts 98
- Global 99
- Parameters and 99
- Expressions for Values 99
- VSUPPLY 100
- {VSUPPLY} 100
- Expressions 101
- Table 3-1 102
- Operators in Expressions 102
- Table 3-2 103
- Power Supplies 106
- Stimuli 108
- VPWL_F_N_TIMES** 109
- Devices 110
- VSRC or ISRC s 111
- Stimuli 3 112
- Unmodeled Parts 113
- Library List or read the 114
- Unmodeled Pins 116
- Check for this 117
- DC Path to Ground 118
- and Editin 119
- What Are Models? 121
- How Are Models 122
- Local models 123
- Global models 123
- Nested Model Libraries 124
- MicroSim-Provided Models 124
- Tools to Create and Edit 125
- Parts-Supported Device T 130
- How to Fit Models 132
- To fit the model 133
- To view performance curves 133
- the Parts Utilit 134
- Parts utility supports. See 136
- for details 136
- What is an instance model? 138
- What happens if 140
- The Parts Utilit 141
- Tutorial 141
- Diode Model 142
- Values for the Dbreak-X 142
- the Model Editor 147
- Model Properties 148
- the Model Editor from 151
- Example: Editin 153
- a Q2N2222 153
- Instance Model 153
- the edits and updatin 154
- the schematic 154
- the Create 155
- Subcircuit Command 155
- Instance 157
- How PSpice A/D Uses Model 161
- Libraries 161
- search path 165
- Chapter Overview 166
- What’s Different About 168
- Simulation? 168
- ➥ Automatically create 169
- ➥ Produce a compact 169
- ➥ Automatically create one 169
- To set up a model librar 170
- How to Start the S 171
- How the S 172
- How to Create AKO S 174
- To confi 176
- 14 Creatin 179
- Symbols for Models 179
- How Schematics Places 180
- ✔ Does the value of the 183
- ✔ Does the TEMPLATE 183
- ✔ Are the pins/nodes in the 183
- ✔ Do the pin/node names in 183
- SIMULATION ONLY 184
- TEMPLATE 185
- Attribute names in templates 186
- The ^ character in templates 187
- IN+ OUT+ IN- OUT 190
- IO_LEVEL 192
- MNTYMXDLY 193
- IPIN attributes 194
- Behavioral Modelin 195
- Overview of Analo 196
- Behavioral Modelin 196
- ABM Expressions 198
- the Use of a Global 199
- Definition 199
- ABM Part Templates 200
- Control S 201
- Basic Components 203
- Limiters 204
- HIPASS Filter Part 206
- BANDPASS Filter 206
- Part Example 206
- BANDREJ Filter 207
- Table Look-Up Parts 208
- FTABLE Part 210
- + (6kHz,-60,-6912) 211
- + DELAY=3.2ms 211
- Laplace Transform Part 212
- LAPLACE Part 213
- Example 1 213
- Example 2 213
- Math Functions 215
- ABM Expression Parts 215
- ABM Expression 216
- Part Example 1 216
- Part Example 2 217
- Part Example 3 218
- Part Example 4 218
- An Instantaneous Device 219
- Example: Modelin 219
- a Triode 219
- Control System Parts 6 221
- PSpice A/D-Equivalent 222
- Implementation of PSpice A/D 223
- Equivalent Parts 223
- Mathematical or 224
- Instantaneous Relationships 224
- EVALUE Part 225
- GVALUE Part 225
- EMULT Part 226
- Lookup Tables (ETABLE and 227
- 34 Analo 228
- Frequenc 229
- -Domain Device 229
- Laplace Transforms (LAPLACE) 229
- Response Tables 231
- (EFREQ and GFREQ) 231
- EFREQ Part 232
- PSpice A/D-Equivalent Parts 6 233
- Instantaneous Device Modelin 234
- -Domain Parts 235
- Laplace Transforms 235
- -0.001·s 236
- Off Computer 239
- Resources For Accurac 239
- Basic Controlled 240
- Introduction 242
- Functional 243
- Behavior 243
- Table 7-1 244
- Functional Behavior 7 247
- + IO_STD 249
- Characteristics 251
- DIGMNTYSCALE 253
- DIGTYMXSCALE 253
- constraints 253
- Calculation 254
- Inertial and Transport Dela 255
- Transport dela 256
- Input/Output 257
- Characteristics 257
- and TSWHL 259
- Table 7-2 260
- Output Stren 261
- Controllin 263
- overdrive 263
- Pin-to-Pin Dela 273
- (PINDLY 273
- Primitive) 273
- Constraint Checker 276
- (CONSTRAINT Primitive) 276
- Setup_Hold 276
- The 74160 Example 277
- Part Three 281
- Parametric 284
- PSpice A/D Basics+ 284
- Up Anal 285
- Execution Order for Standard 286
- Output Variables 287
- Modifiers 288
- Up Analyses 8 289
- Table 8-4 290
- The IGBT device 291
- Simulation 293
- Method 1 295
- Method 2 295
- The Simulation Status Window 296
- Simulation pro 297
- DC Sweep 299
- DC Sweep Setup 299
- Overview of DC Sweep 300
- 4 DC Analyses 301
- Up a DC Stimulus 302
- Nested DC Sweeps 303
- Curve Family 304
- Example Schematic 304
- 8 DC Analyses 305
- Bias Point Detail 306
- Small-Si 308
- Transfer 308
- Overview of Small-Si 309
- DC Sensitivit 310
- Overview of DC Sensitivit 311
- AC Sweep Anal 313
- Up an AC Stimulus 314
- Magnitude_value [phase_value] 315
- Up an AC Anal 316
- AC Sweep Setup in 317
- “example.sch” 317
- How PSpice A/D Treats 318
- Nonlinear Devices 318
- 8 AC Analyses 319
- This is exactly how a double 319
- Noise Anal 320
- What is Noise Anal 321
- Up a Noise Anal 322
- Noise in Probe 323
- 14 AC Analyses 325
- To find out more about Probe 325
- Transient Anal 326
- Overview of Transient 327
- a Time-Based 328
- Stimulus 328
- The Stimulus Editor 330
- 6 Transient Analysis 331
- the Stimulus Editor 332
- Example: sine wave sweep 334
- New Stimulus S 335
- a Stimulus 337
- To manuall 338
- 14 Transient Analysis 339
- Transient (Time) 340
- Response 340
- Transient 340
- Internal Time Steps in 342
- Electronic 343
- Hysteresis Curves 11 344
- Fourier Components 345
- Fourier Components 11 346
- Parametric and Temperature 347
- Parametric Anal 348
- Overview of Parametric Anal 349
- Example: RLC Filter 349
- the simulation 350
- Parametric Analysis 12 353
- up the circuit 354
- CvF(-I(Vin)/V(1,0)) 355
- CvF(-I(Vin)/V(1)) 355
- Temperature Anal 357
- Statistical Anal 360
- Waveform Reports 362
- Collatin 362
- Functions 362
- Table 13-1 363
- Monte Carlo Anal 365
- Monte Carlo 365
- Tutorial: Monte Carlo Anal 368
- up the parameters 370
- R=1 DEV=5% 374
- Monte Carlo Histo 377
- Analysis Setup Example 378
- To displa 381
- the center frequenc 381
- Center Frequency Histogram 382
- Worst-Case Anal 383
- Procedure 384
- Worst-Case Analysis 13 385
- YatX Goal 387
- Schematic 390
- Demonstratin 390
- Use of VARY 390
- Manual optimization 392
- Monte Carlo anal 392
- MicroSim 395
- Schematics User’s Guide 395
- Concepts You Need to 396
- Understand 396
- Top-Level Interface Ports 399
- To add a transition 403
- To move a transition 403
- To edit a transition 403
- To set the default bus radix 406
- To add a loop 407
- To define a clock si 409
- DIGCLOCK 409
- the FILESTIM Device 411
- Adjustin 414
- Simulation Parameters 14 414
- the Simulation 415
- IN1 IN2 Q1 Q2 417
- To add a di 418
- Buses to a Probe Plot 419
- To add a bus expression 420
- Persistent hazards 421
- Analyzin 422
- Results 14 422
- Simulation condition messa 423
- Table 14-4 424
- Output control options 426
- Interface Subcircuit 429
- Selection b 429
- PSpice A/D 429
- Level 1 Interface 430
- Level 2 Interface 431
- the Default A/D Interface 432
- To create a custom di 435
- Interface Generation 438
- PSpice A/D representation 439
- + T_BUF IO_STD 444
- Critical Hazard 447
- Cumulative Ambi 449
- Reconver 450
- Glitch Suppression Due 452
- Methodolo 453
- Part Four 456
- Overview of Probe 458
- Elements of a Probe Plot 459
- Elements of a Plot Window 460
- Multiple Plot Windows 461
- Probe Colors 462
- Reference Manual 465
- Other Wa 468
- Schematic Markers to Add 469
- Probe Data File Size 471
- 16 Analyzin 472
- Waveforms in Probe 472
- Simulation Data from 474
- Multiple Files 474
- Appendin 475
- data files 475
- To append a data file 475
- Trace Le 476
- Simulation Results in 477
- ASCII Format 477
- Example 478
- Example.dat) 479
- 24 Analyzin 480
- About Di 481
- About the Oscillator Circuit 482
- Up the Schematic 482
- Mixed Analo 485
- User Interface Features 486
- To zoom in the analo 487
- area usin 487
- the mouse 487
- Scrollin 488
- To set the di 489
- To move labels 492
- User Interface Features 17 495
- Probe Trace 500
- Basic Output Variable Form 501
- Terminals 502
- Table 17-4 503
- Probe Output Variable Formats 503
- Table 17-5 505
- Table 17-6 505
- Output Variable AC Suffixes 505
- Table 17-7 506
- Table 17-8 507
- Device Type 507
- Table 17-9 508
- Noise Types by Device Type 508
- /Hz. This means 509
- /Hz, NTOT(ONOISE) 509
- Trace Expressions 510
- Probe Trace Expressions 17 511
- The Bias Information Toolbar 518
- Bias Point Volta 520
- Currents 521
- Label Associations 523
- colors for bias information 524
- If You Have Hierarchical 525
- Bias Point Values 526
- Run the simulation 527
- Other Output Options 528
- Additional 530
- Results to the 530
- PSpice Output File 530
- 4 Other Output Options 531
- PSpice A/D defaults to MAG 531
- Test Vector 533
- Initial State 534
- Save and Load Bias 535
- Load Bias Point 536
- Setpoints 537
- Setpoints A 538
- Initial 539
- Conditions 539
- Too Small Errors” 540
- V/(N*k*T) 542
- V/(N*.025) 543
- Is the Initial Approximation 544
- Close Enou 544
- STEPGMIN 545
- Bias Point and DC 546
- Switches 547
- Transient Analysis B 550
- .TRAN/OP 551
- Parasitic Capacitances 552
- Inductors and Transformers 552
- Junction 553
- ERROR 554
- 16 Conver 555
- Index-10 565
- Index-11 566
- Index-12 567
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